The solar industry is still a market trend today

From the current situation the shipments and quotations of photovoltaic solar generator product are higher, it is beginning to recover the vocational, but not out of the woods to say now. Trina Solar Chairman CEO thought, the career internal shuffling process is not over really want to revive it, it will take two to three years from the inside, it also needs to be a better combination of annexation , career planning inside the larger better company operations carried out the annexation of combining the advantages of skills, handling advantages and exploit the advantages of industry products, get very good competition advantage. However, numerous shopping malls optimistic about the latter part of the organization to carry out the photovoltaic solar industry.

"The overall judgment of 2013 - 2014 will still be in the economic recovery, 2014 the occupation format capable of exhibiting tight supply and demand situation, the continuous career earnings recovery trend." Organized thought, Details landing approach will promote the domestic launch of Distributed PV , along with estimated installed power plant construction will be presented to grab market from a long time to see a large burst will promote the use of domestic PV end mall, explore the distributed end business model will become the key of the solar energy storage to the future for some time.

Guoxin Securities believes that the fourth quarter is expected to all career advancement. "The current tariff policy introduced on the one hand to give the mall determination, it also plans to build a large power plant to supply conditions, on the whole profession to ensure normal work to bring. And despite the current end of the entire industrial manufacturing overcapacity still face difficulties, but because there is no sharp rise in commodity quotations and therefore this year the company presented decomposition, large companies gross margin and cash flow have shown significant improvement, while small and medium companies because cash flow cracking gradually withdraw mall, facing the annexation bound situation, all the supply and demand side tends to improve career. "

"Although the domestic price subsidies than-expected stocks can move back to the beginning part of the company's main shopping malls, but the experience of the owners two-year down cycle will be more careful on the resumption of production, so supply and demand side estimate will be further improved in the coming year, while domestic shopping malls If you need to render substantial installed capacity in the fourth quarter of this year, we will further improve the company's leading balance sheet and income statement, solar career upward trend and establish. "

China's PV industry to carry out prosperity in the face of Europe under the dual pressure, development of the domestic market, encouraging the use of distributed PV is correct. But relevant supporting guidelines must establish the correct understanding of the use of distributed photovoltaic solar off grid system skills to fit the economic laws, firmly grasp "the use of new energy sources in order to decrease the use of polluting emissions of power," the middle of the intention to make encouraging distributed PV fiscal spending effective role to play.

European Photovoltaic technology development vision and strategic planning

Currently the European solar generator photovoltaic technology has begun to commercialize and has been widely used in Europe to improve its energy security, increase employment opportunities and improve the living conditions of citizens in remote areas to improve the welfare of civil society has played an increasingly important effect. With solar photovoltaic power generation system products are widely used in Europe, it is in improving Europe's energy supply security plays an increasingly important role and because it has a particularly suited to provide energy to remote areas of the characteristics, it is possible to improve education in these areas and the level of health care, providing more opportunities for economic development and to ease the flow of people in remote areas to big cities. In 2005 the European solar photovoltaic industry for the European citizens about 2500 jobs (per MWp production capacity will create 20 jobs per MWp installed capacity of the installation to create 30 jobs), although with the price of solar power systems decline in labor demand will decline, but with the rapid development of its market, will still provide more employment opportunities for Europe.

Europe the current price level of the solar photovoltaic power generation system enables solar power to meet the electricity demand during peak periods, and can alternate with other independent power systems: competition (such as diesel power generation system), but its price has not been reduced to the electricity consumers acceptable level.

Strategic Objectives: at European level the EU has developed to achieve by 2010 3GWp of the total installed capacity of portable solar generator development goals "of the European Community Strategy and Action Plan" white paper. In addition, the European Photovoltaic Technology Platform proposed in the early days in order to accelerate the development of sustainable energy power solar photovoltaic industry in Europe, and in 2030 making European solar photovoltaic power generation target of 4% of global reach. After the European Photovoltaic Technology Platform was established soon, solar photovoltaic technology Research Advisory Committee (PV-TRAC) released a report titled "Photovoltaic Technology Foresight", the report proposes a realistic and ambitious development goals: to make the EU's solar photovoltaic power system installed capacity in 2030 reached 200GWp (then the world's solar photovoltaic systems installed about 1000 GWp).

European technology platform in July 2007 released a strategic research agenda, the European Photovoltaic Technology Platform detailed description of its overall short-term research and development goals: By 2015, in southern Europe solar off grid solar system reaches the consumer price acceptable level, this goal can be quantified in the cost of solar photovoltaic power generation system for 0.15 euros / kwh, or the entire solar photovoltaic system price of 2.5 euros / Wp.

For the largest solar-powered aircraft flight around the world

Now the advantage of solar technology not only reflected in the portable solar generator for home, its use is very extensive, such as the "Solar-driven" (Solar Impulse) is a Swiss-designed solar-powered aircraft, the prototype made of carbon fiber material with a seat, the wing has an elongated shape with a wingspan 63.4 m. and Airbus A340 aircraft considerably. The wing is covered with solar panels, total 11,628, which can be four total weight of 400kg battery charging. Due to the extensive use of lightweight carbon fiber composite materials, "Solar-driven" was weighing about 1600kg, equivalent to only the weight of a small truck. July 2010, the aircraft has created a manned solar aircraft 26 hours 10 minutes 19 seconds of flight time record, but also set an altitude of 9235 meters altitude record.

Today the "solar-driven" was also unveiled the second generation of the world. following the recent successful test flight, fly around the world are now ready to implement. "Solar-driven" 2 Payerne airbase in western Switzerland are tested for stability and driver training. Driving "the sun-driven"  5 days and nights global journey required two pilots, Borschberg has 25 years of experience in the Air Force is one of them. He said that in order to maintain focus and quick response in a long flight, he is trying to adapt twice a day for 20 minutes of sleep training.

According to plan, "Solar-driven" World Tour No. 2 departed from the Gulf, the Arabian Sea, has entered India, Burma, China, and then across the Pacific to the United States before flying to southern Europe and North Africa, and finally back to the starting point.

Borschberg said the project team early last year came into contact with the relevant Chinese authorities, permission to apply for flight, taking into account China's huge potential for green solar energy storage technology market, he looked forward to China will be "Solar-driven" Global Challenges 2 the indelible mark.

According to project founder, Swiss explorer Picard, the "Solar-driven" 2 covered by the more than 17,000 pieces of its wings thin solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy, in addition to supply four engines, the excess energy can be stored in high energy density batteries, day and night non-stop flight.

April this year, the official debut of "Solar-driven" on the 2nd, is the world's largest solar-powered aircraft volume. Its wingspan of 72 meters, the size comparable to a Boeing 747-800 aircraft, but the weight is 2.3 tons.

"Solar-driven" when the 2nd actual flight, will first climb to 9,000 meters in height, gliding in slow decline is less dependent on electricity, while ensuring storage needs more power to deal with night flight. In theory, the sun never drive number can fly down, but the driver's physical but not guaranteed. "Solar-driven" 2 can be described as the current green energy-saving technology optimization portfolio to 16 aircraft bright landing lights, for example, only 100 watts of power consumption comparable home bedroom lighting, in addition to the energy loss of aircraft engines only 6%. The project team took core elements of solar panels and fuselage skeleton on display. If not personally seen, it is difficult to imagine the thickness of the plane solar panels equal to only hair thickness, good flexibility and flexibility; airframe made of carbon fiber, its strength level used in aviation, under the same conditions of paper weighs only one-third one.

Turning to prospects for solar-powered aircraft, Picard said that at present a large number of passengers transported on solar power generator isn’t feasible, but if the industry developed a better performance of solar cells and technology, the future of solar-powered aircraft may do more.

Solar power generation will be the window glass, curtains

Perhaps many people think that when the big city is not suitable for large solar energy storage station installation products, but also in top shape is not so fashionable in the city of skyscrapers, these gorgeous building that we are building more and more feel beautiful city. However, almost all the city buildings have a common that the appearance of glass-based. So with respect to such a vast place, we can be to play some role in it, in order to achieve conservation and utilization aspects of it?

MIT engineers recently developed a use of organic molecules can be used as windows panels of solar generator, Such panels can’t only take advantage of infrared energy from the sun also can make the natural light into the interior.

The new solar panels can be installed vertically in the window frame and has three major advantages: the accumulation of clean energy and convert it into electricity or heat chamber; of natural light into the room and because the material is completely transparent; installation cost ratio traditional low, as long as they will be installed in the original glass of the window frame to prepare.

Developed technology to produce a variety of beneficial to our lives everyday. Environmental protection in solar station today, such as solar car, solar flashlights, solar charging treasure, solar lamps, etc. We are very relevant and practical tools. Give us introduced a new solar products: solar curtains now.

We will be up every room curtains to prevent glare of the sun shining into. Nevertheless, the sun is isolated, but also wasted a lot of solar energy. If it’s able to take advantage of this time to block the sun, perhaps to save a lot of energy.

The solar curtain is such a design, it incorporates a soft curtain inside solar panels, so that will not affect the normal use of curtains, but also can absorb solar energy at the same time to draw the curtains and stored for future use. If you are around the house is covered by this curtain, then the day will be able to generate electricity about 16 degrees. It’s sufficient for a home using mostly.

But the current cost of curtain still relatively high and therefore can’t enter the market in the short term, but believe that with the continuous development of portable solar generator technology in the near future we can spend this energy saving products.

The new utilization of solar energy storage, environmental protection and convenience 2-2

Not only cars using solar energy off grid solar power kits as an energy source, and even aircraft can use solar energy for their life. Two swiss adventurer developed a new solar-powered aircraft, as long as there is solar radiation where it can continue to fly down. The plane uses the latest solar-powered aircraft Solar HB-SIA, which is a dedicated flat solar converter, very high conversion efficiency, allowing the aircraft to spend a minimum of energy in the air.

Using a variety of solar energy, "new ideas," so that people can enjoy the energy-saving and environmental protection in its convenience

Triangle stereo bus schedule, there are even a square flat solar panels. Night bus schedule to deal with the problem of poor identification, the Qingdao municipal government bus stops, a new solar bus schedule officially unveiled. By daylight savings solar generator license can achieve lighting at night.

Qingdao municipal government bus stops, there is a new bus schedule: the new station license for the three-dimensional triangular shape, about 2.5 meters high, is the right person's attention, a top of the unit square solar panels. Under the bright LED light irradiation, to each station name bus lines clearly.

From there bus group learned that this new type of solar stops, the top solar panels and batteries, electricity can daytime sun light emitted by the battery saving up for night stops boxes LED light electricity. Within the energy stored in the battery, even without the sun, but also continue to supply about a week. Automatic light control box selection form, just after dark, the lights will come on.

It is the first put into use solar energy storage Qingdao stop sign, environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Bus Group will be more in a series of bus stops serving according to the debug, and to provide convenience to the public at night ride.

The new utilization of solar energy storage, environmental protection and convenience 1-2

In recent years, with the development of technology, solar technology advances, people in the use of solar energy storage made a lot of new ideas.

Solar and wind power is currently the most talked about new energy, solar energy is usually to take advantage of it into electricity, such as solar water heaters There is now a direct use of solar energy in three ways: First, the solar energy into electricity, solar cells is to solar energy into electrical energy; the second is to convert solar energy into chemical energy. Sun through photosynthesis of plants, growing food, fruits provide a rich food for humans; the third is the solar energy into internal energy. Solar water heater is the solar energy into internal energy.

How to do when the battery died in the park dating? Find a chair to sit down, pulled out the power cord can be charged up! Recently, a number of parks in Boston installed an intelligent benches, bench this solar device that can charge electronic devices, while also tracking the surrounding environment, testing air quality, and even changes in the weather to remind you, Indeed combines many functions in one, people in the park dating, activities, do not worry about not charge for electronic equipment.

Outdoor office, people will inevitably encounter case due to lack of electricity laptops affect work. However, if we can outdoor solar energy into the notebook, it will provide a lot of convenience for people. Canadian company created a solar generator laptop, notebook built-in solar battery life of up to 10 hours, charging time is required only 2 hours. When the notebook was open lid state, and will be able to absorb the solar energy into battery power. Greatly reducing the probability of insufficient power supply due to the impact of notebook using.

Have you ever thought about the solar panels on the clothes in storage? Finnish mobile phone maker Nokia on the design of the program. Nokia proposed solar power storage panels can not only be made exceptionally strong, wanton trampling to be implanted in the related components clothing fabric, it can charge the phone all day. To this end, Nokia designed a "solar clothes storage." According to Nokia's vision in the near future, you can put your smartphone in your pocket and enjoy the convenience of a charge at any time.

Solar backup generator can be collected only for mobile phones, laptops and other small devices charging, also can charge for the car and other vehicles. Ford has launched a new solar car, solar car and previous biggest difference is that, this car roof solar cell has a special "condenser system" insufficient in the sun, but also to collect the sun light, fully charged within 1 day.

About off grid solar system

The principle of solar generator photovoltaic system Diagram in the daytime, under the light conditions, solar modules produce a certain amount of force is formed by series-parallel solar cell matrix components, making the square voltage reaches the system input voltage requirements. Through the charge controller to charge the battery, it will be converted from light energy stored up energy.

 

Evening batteries provide input power to the inverter, by the action of the inverter, the direct current into alternating current supplied to the power distribution cabinet, distribution cabinet by the switching action of the power supply. Discharge of the battery pack case is controlled by the controller to ensure that the normal use of the battery. PV power plant system also limited load protection and lightning protection devices to protect the system equipment from lightning and over-load operation, maintenance, use of safety system equipment. Solar energy  → electrical energy → light energy → chemical energy.

 

Part of the photovoltaic system is composed of square solar cells of off grid solar system, battery, charge controller, inverter, AC power distribution counters, automatic solar tracking system, automatic dust removal system, solar modules and other equipment. Its role is to various pieces of equipment: solar cell matrix in the presence of light (either sunlight or other light emitters generate light), the cells absorb light energy, different signs appear accumulated charge across the battery terminals, which produce photovoltage which is the" photovoltaic effect. " In the photovoltaic effect the role of force is generated at both ends of the solar cell, light energy is converted into electrical energy, energy conversion devices. Silicon solar cell is generally divided into single crystal silicon solar cells, polycrystalline silicon solar cells and amorphous silicon solar cell three. Its role is to store the battery pack power when the solar cell matrix issued by the light and are ready to supply the load.

The basic requirement for solar backup power are used:

a. Self-discharge rate

b. Long life

c. Strong deep discharge capability

d. High charging efficiency

e. Low-maintenance or maintenance-free

f. Wide operating temperature range

g. Low prices.

Our current batteries and solar power generation systems supporting the use of lead-acid batteries and are mainly nickel-cadmium batteries. Supporting more than 200Ah lead-acid batteries, generally used fixed or sealed lead-acid industrial batteries, each battery is rated at 2VDC; supporting the following 200Ah lead-acid batteries, generally used in small sealed maintenance-free lead-acid batteries, each only the rated battery voltage is 12VDC. Charge controller is able to automatically prevent battery overcharge and over-discharge device. Because of the battery charge and discharge cycles and the depth is an important factor in the decision to discharge the battery life, so they can control the battery overcharge or over-discharge charge controller is essential equipment. The inverter is a direct current into alternating current equipment. Since solar cells and batteries is a DC power supply and the load when the AC load, an inverter is necessary. The inverter according to operating mode can be divided into stand-alone inverters and grid inverter. Stand-alone inverters for solar power generation systems operate independently, as a separate load. Grid inverter for solar backup generator and network operation. The inverter output waveform can be divided by the square wave inverter and sine wave inverter. Square wave inverter circuit is simple, low cost, but large harmonic components, generally used for several hundred watts and less demanding on the harmonic system. Sine wave inverter high cost, but it can be applied to a variety of loads.

Inverter protection function:

a, Overload protection

b, Short circuit protection

c, Reverse protection

d, Undervoltage protection

e, Overvoltage protection

f, overheating protection

AC power distribution cabinet which is on standby inverter switching a major role in solar power kit off , to ensure the normal power supply system, as well as measurement of electrical energy on the line.

Road solar power be reality

With the continuous development of science and technology to enhance scientific and technological content of solar energy storage, Road power has become a reality. the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) consortium 25 kilometers from Amsterdam's city Keluomoni laying of a 70 m-long solar cycle paths, the total cost of the project, it’s scheduled Nov. 12, open to the public.

In fact the plan in early 2011 began planning the development, originally it planned to be completed by 2012, but for various reasons in recent days was formally commenced laying. This solar bicycle path by the solar panels covering the surface of a block of concrete cement blocks mosaic, covering the surface of crystalline solar cell panel is only 1 inch (about 2.5cm) thick, was able to withstand the weight of a truck. Although solar panels can’t move for maximum sunlight range, but Article 70 m long driveway three families to provide adequate electricity.

Vision Netherlands TNO is extensive paved driveway solar generator, It is producing enough electricity supply electric vehicles, road lighting and household electricity companies, and ultimately reduce the ultimate goal of the world's dependence on fossil fuels, renewable energy to create a system of supply and demand. But the biggest obstacle currently facing the plan is expensive cost.

So far the production cost of the project is about 1.5 million euros, complete the laying of the construction project will cost a total of up to 3 million euros. Although costly, but the prospect of TNO in the Netherlands this project is still very optimistic, they said when the solar panels become cheaper, the cost of production of the off grid solar system project will be greatly reduced. TNO in the Netherlands plans to expand the 2016 bike lanes to 100 meters and may indicate that the item to other regions.

Seven-step solar portable solar generator for homes

Now when the increasing awareness of environmental protection and as well as full support for families of small- portable solar generator construction projects in the country. Household solar power plant is also one of the most flexible and the most popular family. Solar power as long as the place where the sunlight can build their own small home solar power stations. However, after the family built a small power stations, and to achieve the net, we need to take the seven steps of the electricity sector.

Home solar power station and network seven-step:

1、  Electric Power Bureau to apply for the operating room, fill out the application and the network form. (It is necessary with identity cards and a copy of the head of household, real estate license and other related documents when families apply.)

2、Home electricity sector survey and issue personalized and programs of off grid solar system in 10 working days.

3、Family and confirm net programs

4、According to the network solutions, the family design photovoltaic power stations detailed.

5、In accordance with the relevant technical requirements to purchase equipment, the average family 5 kilowatts 6 kilowatts of capacity has been sufficient. Contact a professional for installation.

6、Family raised grid network debugging application, power companies install metering meter, organizational acceptance, and signed relevant agreements

7、After testing, the grid network has officially completed.

Of course solar generator power stations and network application is free. Completed the individual and the state power grid, the solar generator can be their own excess electricity sold to the state and get some appropriate subsidies. Meanwhile make their own cost to recover faster.

In addition for 380 volts and below the solar grid project, the electricity sector commitment in 35 working days to complete the grid and network flow;10 KV level and network project commitments in 45 working days to complete the grid and network processes.

About solar generator

Benefits of Solar

Solar energy generator has abundant resources, renewable, non-polluting, easy assembly, without the characteristics of operation, energy consumption in the terminal for distributed applications, substitution of coal, reduce emissions, with the potential and advantages have become the mainstream of electricity.

The principle of photovoltaic

PV power plant is a solar power backup generatorstation to generate electricity, it is the use of the square solar cells solar radiation is converted to electrical energy photovoltaic technology to work. PV power plant in accordance with the operation mode can be divided into grid-connected photovoltaic power plants and off-grid PV power plant.

Grid-connected PV power plant refers to the transmission grid PV power system is connected to the power grid. It is to enter the large-scale commercial photovoltaic power generation stage, grid-connected photovoltaic power plant has become an important part of the development direction of the electric power industry, is the main trend of the world photovoltaic technology development. Grid system consists of solar cell matrix, the system controller, and network inverter and other components.

Grid-connected PV power plant generating principle, please see the picture as below:

Off-grid solar system PV power plant that are not grid-connected photovoltaic independent power supply system. Off-grid PV power plant is mainly used in areas without electricity away from the public grid and some special places. Independent system consists of PV modules, system controller, battery, DC / AC inverter and other components.

Off-grid PV power plant generating principle the diagram below:

Advantages of distributed photovoltaic power generation

No noise;

No fire;

Pollution;

Short construction period;

Protect the roof structure, insulation, photovoltaic cells can be used as building materials;

Equipment installation and maintenance are very simple;

Stable and reliable low cost, service life up to 25 - 30 years;

Appearance, modern fashion pioneer;

Solar power is the user side, the local power supply load, regarded as the load can effectively reduce dependence on the power grid and reduce line losses;

And effective interface to the smart grid solar generator and micro-grid, flexible operation, under appropriate conditions can be run independently from the power grid.

Who Restricting the market of Chinese PV application? 3-3

Policy measures to support PV unsound

The high cost of solar generator and grid has been a difficult two problems hinder the development of the domestic PV market. So while the Government through the development of price subsidies to get rid of the high price of photovoltaic power generation "bottleneck" to shorten the payback period investors; on the other hand to support through the introduction of photovoltaic power generation and network and network policies. Development and implementation of national policy determines the size of the PV market. At present, China's PV support policies are not perfect, there are some problems in the operation mechanism.

Supporting policies is not perfect one reflected on the support of distributed applications in photovoltaic electricity subsidies based on the current investment subsidies have not yet introduced, the lack of household, commercial and industrial companies to install photovoltaic systems initial investment subsidy, soft loan deals or tax breaks, and other related policies.

Due to the high initial investment of photovoltaic solar energy storage, based on China's current per capita income levels, only to reduce the initial investment in order to mobilize their personal passion for installation, while China's current policy does not address the photovoltaic. Supporting policies is not perfect and is also reflected in the absence of the introduction of network policies for large-scale photovoltaic power plants and large-scale photovoltaic power plants net flow is still cumbersome and lengthy.

State Grid Corporation in October 2012 26 issued a "do a good job of distributed photovoltaic power generation and network service Work", the process is simplified and the network 6 megawatts of distributed PV power plant, theoretically solve the distributed photovoltaic grid problems. And subsidies, as this policy is also only "opinions", the lack of laws and regulations to protect their execution.

Look subsidies, how to ensure that one country subsidy funding. PV subsidies, mainly from renewable energy tariff surcharge, state funding accounted for a smaller proportion. 15 July 2013, the State Council issued the "Opinions on promoting the healthy development of off grid solar system," he pointed out that by 2015 China's total installed capacity of PV to reach 35 million kilowatts (35GW) above. By the end of 2013, China's cumulative installed PV about 18.1GW, generating 110 billion a year to 120 billion degrees, according to subsidize 0.42 yuan / kWh basis, the corresponding need more than 400 billion yuan of subsidies. If the completion of the annual installed capacity of 35GW generation can reach 2000-2500 million degrees, the annual subsidy needed to 840w ~ 1050 yuan.

1.5 cents per kilowatt of renewable energy tariff additional criteria from 25 September 2013 in accordance with the beginning of the implementation of the (previously 0.8) and 2013 to calculate the whole society electricity consumption 5.3223 trillion kwh, electricity additional income was only 800 billion. It should be noted that the tariff surcharge levied not only established as PV, is renewable energy, count wind, biomass, etc., really very little money left for the photovoltaic industry. And additional tariff only except residents and other agricultural production of electricity levy. Current photovoltaic subsidies have a gap, 2015, the funding gap will be even greater.

The second is how to ensure that government subsidies fair, in full, on time and persistence paid. Subsidy arrears in the country has built large-scale ground photovoltaic power plants are prevalent, it can be said to have been the origin of a long time. Large-scale ground photovoltaic power station construction and operation need to take a lot of money, subsidies are not in place, the power plant to sell electricity grid can only get 0.4 to 0.5 yuan desulfurization sales price, the proceeds to repay even the interest on the loan operation and maintenance of power plants are often mouth not enough. Investors not only through the construction of photovoltaic power plants can’t be profitable, but also a loss is likely to occur. This situation will undoubtedly affect the enthusiasm of the other investors in the construction of solar backup generator plants.

In addition, the implementation of the results and net policies and subsidies can also be seen reflected in the 2013 case of distributed PV installed capacity in 2013, China's installed capacity of distributed PV 3GW, most of which come from 2012, had been approved the "Golden sun" demonstration project, based on real electricity subsidy model projects a few hundred megawatts, and none of these big projects and networks.

Technical standards and certification system is not perfect

Photovoltaic power generation projects with huge investment, the project is completed long running time, harsh operating environment, and the project operation and production and life are closely related features. Therefore, to ensure that quality is the key photovoltaic power projects, and is a prerequisite for photovoltaic applications PV industry development. Ensure quality PV products and photovoltaic power plant safe and stable operation of the need to improve product standards and strict certification system. The lack of standards and certification of photovoltaic products easily lead to uneven quality, unstable system operation, and low power generation efficiency, thereby affecting the reputation of the industry, the public investment in the fight against the construction of photovoltaic power generation project enthusiasm, and ultimately impede the orderly development of the PV market.

All along, China's photovoltaic industry chain are facing the problem of lack of standards, from the PV original, specification and auxiliary materials to the photovoltaic cell, product performance testing components, and power station construction application terminal, etc., are in part or all of the missing state standards . Meanwhile, China's current portable solar generator standards already lack the practical implementation of mandatory authority, many of the standard has not been implemented. In addition, subject to the limits of the annual publication of the number of national standards published by the speed it is difficult to meet the market demand for rapid development of the industry in some areas led to the existence of standards do not apply or do not scale to follow the case, the urgent need to strengthen the standards system revision.

Compulsory certification is international practice, strict certification system can provide photovoltaic applications escort, but China has not yet officially launched the field of photovoltaic-related certification, already insufficient to carry out certification authority. Resulting in many domestic enterprises need to get the foreign certification of photovoltaic products, increased product costs. The lack of accreditation of photovoltaic products difficult to obtain market acceptance, sales limited.

At present, China PV application market development is still in its infancy, the future with the expansion of market size, lack of standards and certification restraining effect on market development will become more apparent.

Lack of photovoltaic professionals

Although China has opened several universities Photovoltaic, relevant research institutions are also the training of professionals PV, but because of the photovoltaic industry is the emerging technology-intensive industries, the development time is short, fast growth, the lack of industry and related in-depth understanding of discipline, training programs, etc. imperfect conditions and teachers, resulting in the quantity and quality of talent photovoltaic research and development, design, production, construction and other aspects difficult to meet the needs of China's photovoltaic enterprises. Lack of talent makes a considerable number of photovoltaic solar electric generator enterprises lack independent innovation capability and autonomous technology, the overall R & D and mass production technology and international advanced level there is a certain gap. Some enterprises can only dig everywhere, additional human resources costs.

On the other hand, the lack of appropriate vocational schools, technical schools and vocational skills training related to photovoltaic power generation, the current number of employees and professional quality photovoltaic power generation is difficult to guarantee. And for the ordinary people of publicity, education, training popularize basic knowledge of photovoltaic power generation has not yet carried out.

Who Restricting the market of Chinese PV application? 2-3

Since the photovoltaic of solar power generator system by weather big impact. The absence of large energy storage devices, encountered continuous rainy weather if the photovoltaic system generating capacity can’t meet the continuous industrial and commercial users of electricity demand, the user may face today with a photovoltaic power grid for tomorrow's embarrassment, will cause the user the reverse psychology is investors need to consider.

Low price of residential electricity, off grid solar system in the civilian market unattractive. If the national electricity subsidies, based on the local government and then give a certain amount of electricity or government subsidies to install photovoltaic systems users give a certain percentage of the initial investment subsidy, so that the civilian PV system becomes as profitable. Based on our country's specific national conditions, it is also facing a lot of problems.

In the city the majority of people living in a dozen layers, 20 layers of the building's residents, most of the roof space drainage air conditioning systems, solar generator hot water systems and other ancillary facilities to occupy the property, can really be used to PV very limited. Investors need to spend a lot of manpower and resources to find the idle roof, potentially increasing construction costs. Even found a suitable roof, because it belongs to the public area, you want to install photovoltaic systems on the roof requires unanimous consent of all the owners. The national grid solar system in a distributed power plant projects receiving the application, the applicant must also required to provide identity cards, real estate license and other materials; occupy public areas to provide proof of the consent of other owners, property, neighborhood. So, we want in China's urban residents roof construction of photovoltaic power plants, regardless of the owner or a third party builder, his public relations capacity requirements are very high.

In our countryside, although abundant resources and household roof house roof farmers call the shots, but the problem may be facing more. Less electricity and off grid solar system infrastructure is poor, the farmers can’t afford the high initial investment. Resulting in less power installed capacity is limited; resulting in poor grid infrastructure requires additional substantial investment; farmers can’t afford, and if the introduction of outside investors, the roof was dispersed in every household, administrative costs will be high.

Indeed the investors and investment experience will encounter obstacles far more than those listed above, there are many obstacles that investors can’t control or can’t be expected, national policies are also difficult to solve.

The issue of Technical and institutional of photovoltaic grid solar system

Now China has built large-scale ground photovoltaic power plants and generally facing difficult network problems. One reason is that large-scale ground photovoltaic power plants mainly in the construction of the western desert region in China. These areas far from load centers, economic underdevelopment, low industrial and population, not much electricity, hydropower, wind power already can’t consumptive. So often it requires long-distance transmission to the photovoltaic transported to the load centers. However, due to the local grid infrastructure is extremely inadequate, and to network, many photovoltaic solar energy storage plant builders have additional investment to spend money to purchase and installation of network equipment, and even the construction of transmission lines and substations, and net amount of money reduce the cost of power station construction economy.

Grid PV power plant has been due to receive restricted grid capacity and other factors, resulting in brownouts have occurred, plus subsidies paid in time, have built a lot of PV power plant is idle; there is a reason that the rv solar power company cumbersome and network processes, photovoltaic power plant builders to spend at least six months to a year, photovoltaic power plants to the grid. And around the grid company will continue to transform the requirements, but also to the cost of photovoltaic power plant in an unexpected layers accumulated. Since the grid company can determine whether a photovoltaic power station and the network, so no matter whether the reasonable requirements of the power grid company, photovoltaic power plants must meet.

PV is mainly distributed in the eastern part of the development of grid infrastructure is much better compared to the western region, builders do not need to invest in the power facilities, the State solar off grid kit Corporation also introduced support for distributed PV grid policy, but difficult grid the problem still remains. Residents in the submission of an application to access the distributed photovoltaic project country network operating room, met a variety of issues, such as the need for natural persons approved projects, the construction unit of qualification requirements, leading to the application and the network is not through combat the enthusiasm of the residents.

Grid Company "difficult" PV Grid reason lies first and foremost technical problems. Since PV affected season, weather, environment and circadian turnover, continuity and stability of poor shortcomings, coupled with China's power grid and other infrastructure behind, and large-scale photovoltaic power generation grid network will interfere with the normal scheduling on the grid safe and stable operation of the threat.

Compared with the technical issues, the more important reason is that the portable solar power system damaged the interests of the company. Grid standing business point of view, it did not receive any benefit PV: First, self-occupied photovoltaic electricity will directly lead to reduction in income once the electricity grid. Second, in order to acquire photovoltaic grid company also invested a lot of infrastructure, spend huge amounts of money. Third, China's coal industry overcapacity, thermal power generation rich. And since entering 2013, coal prices decline, dramatically reducing the cost of thermal power generation. In addition to the energy saving this reason, the power grid really do not want cheap coal-fired power lay not, try and accept the high cost of network problems the addition of PV.

Currently, the power grid enterprises distributed PV "friendly" attitude mainly forced national political pressure, but also because a small number of distributed power generation capacity, not amount to anything, grid companies temporarily support the fundamental interests will not pose a threat to it. If the interests of the future large-scale application of distributed photovoltaic power grid enterprises are still not taking into account, I believe that they treat distributed PV change attitudes will occur immediately.

National Grid does not support photovoltaic grid deeper reason is that China's electric solar portable generator. In China, the monopoly power grid transmission from the sale of electricity to end all aspects, both grid electricity buyers to purchase unique power plant, it is the only vendor to sell users of electricity. This vertically integrated monopoly, fundamentally hinder the development of photovoltaic and other new energy power.

Who Restricting the market of Chinese PV application? 1-3

When the photovoltaic industry gradually fiery tide currently, every photovoltaic people should calm down, to think in the end what is restricting the development of China PV industry? How should we get rid of the shackles of industry, market checks and balances to break again to lead the Chinese PV industry go the stable development of the world?

The High cost of solar generator

Another effect of the low price of distributed PV application market to expand state support policy is simple. China's current policy of limited tariff photovoltaic mode, user self-occupied part of the government to give a certain amount of subsidies, balance access some high-priced acquisitions. Expand the market heavily dependent on state subsidies, not by spontaneous market forces. Some US, and European countries due to the mouth of the residential electricity prices high, you can use a range of diverse and innovative support policies, so that the civilian Photovoltaic market is growing rapidly. The same policy in our country due to the low price of residential electricity can’t be generalized.

Because of China's PV industry overcapacity, the exportation was exported by Europe market disruption, technological advances and so on, in recent years the cost of photovoltaic solar backup generator construction has shown a sharp decline (currently the initial investment cost of photovoltaic power generation is about 10,000 yuan/kilowatt photovoltaic power generation costs about 0.8 yuan/kWh, the cost was low. although already close to the limit and is based on the photovoltaic industry across the board over the loss, but in terms of cost of backup power generator, photovoltaic power generation and other new forms of energy and hydropower, nuclear power and wind power and other phase than no advantage at all, with conventional thermal power comparison is far more in terms of initial investment cost, but also lower than the only nuclear power. Therefore, the photovoltaic power generation is not getting widely used in our lives, in the final analysis is due to the high cost.

High initial investment cost of photovoltaic solar energy storage, beyond the capacity of most families, restraining effect on the promotion of distributed PV in particular. Household electricity to three of, for example, to build a power generation capacity of eight kilowatts of photovoltaic power plant is enough common electrical outlet, the initial investment cost is 80,000yuan. If the current of a family's annual electricity costs 3000yuan terms, 8 kilowatts of photovoltaic power plants of self-occupied for at least 20 years to recover the cost, if coupled with subsidies on 0.42 yuan/watt, the actual recovery period is also more than 10 years, and this calculation based on the ideal state and does not take into account the maintenance and parts replacement details. High investment and long payback period so that ordinary Chinese people certainly do not want a one-time tariff for their ten years of pay.

Other because of residential electricity tariff low

The current average price of residential electricity consumption of 0.57yuan/kWh low, so that people do not have the enthusiasm of distributed PV systems. Compared with photovoltaic grid solar system, power grid residents to purchase much more cost effective.

The residential electricity prices in developed market economy countries like Europe and USA with the recent two or three decades of rising solar generator energy prices gradually rise. Such as the UK in 2013 residential electricity prices of 21.2 cents/kWh, and electricity prices compared to the year 2000, up more than tripled. America, too, the 2000 national residential electricity prices an average of 8.2 cents/kWh, by 2013 the average price had risen to 18 cents/kWh, or mucho larger. In contrast, China's price in 2000--2013 years, only 0.335 yuan per unit rose to 0.57 yuan.

The ultimate goal is the development of distributed photovoltaic households. And because the population is below the price of both commercial and industrial electricity prices, also lower than the average price, making our country is difficult to achieve a breakthrough in the civilian aspects of the PV market. And our difference is that foreign residents generally industrial electricity price of 1.5 times to 2 times, residents distributed photovoltaic installation is very active in these countries to develop civilian PV market is much easier than in China.

Low price is the promotion of distributed PV fatal weakness, because the competitiveness of photovoltaic backup power generator projects are always based on existing tariffs as a comparison basis, the lower the price of photovoltaic power generation becomes more expensive, more distant from affordable Internet access, which is also the same reason the cost of photovoltaic solar power kit off grid in different countries to promote the big difficulty is not the same.

Another effect of the low price of distributed PV application market to expand state support policy is simple. China's current policy of limited tariff photovoltaic mode, user self-occupied part of the government to give a certain amount of subsidies, balance access some high-priced acquisitions. Expand the market heavily dependent on state subsidies, not by spontaneous market forces. Some US, and European countries due to the mouth of the residential electricity prices high, you can use a range of diverse and innovative support policies, so that the civilian Photovoltaic market is growing rapidly. The same policy in our country due to the low price of residential electricity can’t be generalized.

Distributed PV investors face many obstacles

According to the China National Development and Reform Commission in August 2013 30 issued a “Notice of price leverage role in promoting the healthy development of photovoltaic industry" provides the standard price subsidies distributed photovoltaic solar energy storage project was 0.42yuan/kWh subsidy standard implementation deadline in principle 20 years. Click to calculate the amount of subsidies, ROI theoretically most provinces distributed photovoltaic power plants can reach 12% to 15% return on investment is very impressive. But the investment enthusiasm of solar generator investors has not been inspired, very few number of distributed PV power plant construction, didn’t see signs of large-scale development. One reason is that a large amount of investment distributed power station, returns to investors insecurity, faces many obstacles to investment.

Since the residential solar electric generator tariff is low, our focus on the development of distributed photovoltaic systems business-intensive regions. At present, China industrial and commercial electricity tariff of about 1 to 1.5 yuan/kwh, the development of distributed PV systems in these areas, although a good deal, but faced with the following question. First of all, in 25 years of operating PV system cycle power stations can’t be determined by how many companies sell, how much to sell the grid. Power companies sell than to sell cost-effective, but the power grid to sell than to sell enterprise security, earnings power plant can’t be determined.